Jainism耆那教

陵也

Historical status ：
Along with Hinduism and Buddhism, Jainism is one of the three most ancient Indian religious traditions still in existence and an integral part of South Asian religious belief and practice.
Beginning&Doctrines ：
Scholars of religion generally hold that Jainism originated in the 7th–5th century BCE in the Ganges basin of eastern India,as a reaction against the Vedic religion, which required animal sacrifices. Jainism's core belief is ahimsa, or noninjury to all living things.It teaches that the path to enlightenment is through nonviolence and reducing harm to living things (including plants and animals) as much as possible. In addition to nonviolence,Jainism has four additional vows that guide believers: always speak the truth, do not steal, show sexual restraint （with celibacyas an ideal) and do not become attached to worldly things.
（“五戒”，即不伤生、不诳语、不偷盗、不奸淫、不贪财。）
Jain renunciants do not seek immediate enlightenment; instead, through disciplined and meritorious practice of nonviolence, they pursue a human rebirth that will bring them nearer to that state. Living as an ascetic, Mahavira( the 24th Jina of Jainism) preached the need for rigorous penance and self-denial as the means of perfecting human nature, escaping the cycle of rebirth, and attaining moksha, or liberation.
Important figures :
Jainism has no belief in a creator god, though there are a number of lesser deities for various aspects of life.
The most illustrious of those few individuals who have achieved enlightenment are called Jina (literally, “Conqueror”), and the tradition’s monastic and lay adherents are called Jain (“Follower of the Conquerors”), or Jaina. Jains believe their religion is eternal and hold that it was revealed in stages by a number of Jinas/ Tirthankaras .(conquerors)
The most important figures in this history are the 24 Tirthankaras.
Parshvanatha : Jains believe that their tradition does not have a historical founder. The first Jain figure for whom there is reasonable historical evidence is Parshvanatha (or Parshva),the 23rd Tirthankara
Mahavira : The 24th and last Tirthankara of that age was Vardhamana, who is known by the epithet Mahavira ("Great Hero") and is believed to have been the last teacher of “right" knowledge, faith, and practice.He is regarded as the founder of Jainism.
Current situation ：
Jains are known for their charitable works, including building shelters for animals. Jainism preaches universal tolerance and does not seek to make converts. In the early 21st century Jainism had some 5 million followers.
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/jainism
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/jainism

打团别迷糊

eight auspicious Jaina symbols, seen above and below the seated image of the Jina (saviour)

打团别迷糊

Jaina temple

打团别迷糊

耆那教与印度教、佛教一起，是印度现存最古老的三大宗教传统之一，也是南亚宗教信仰和实践的组成部分。
宗教学者普遍认为耆那教起源于公元前7 - 5世纪的印度东部恒河盆地，它是作为对吠陀教的一种反抗，因为吠陀教要求动物祭祀。而耆那教的核心信仰是不伤害一切生物，它教导开悟是通过宣扬非暴力和尽可能减少对生物(包括植物和动物)的伤害。除了非暴力，耆那教还有四个额外的誓言指导信徒:永远说真话，不偷窃，表现出性克制(以独身为理想)，不依恋世俗的东西。（即“五戒”------不伤生、不诳语、不偷盗、不奸淫、不贪财）
耆那教的出家者不会寻求直接的开悟；相反，通过有纪律和有价值的非暴力实践，他们追求人类的重生，这将使他们更接近那种状态。作为一名苦行僧，筏驮摩那宣扬刻苦修行和自我否定的必要性，作为完善人性的手段，逃离重生的循环，获得解脱或解脱。
尽管耆那教在生活的各个方面都有一些较小的神，但他们不信仰创世神。在少数的获得启蒙的人中，最优秀的的人被称为Jina，而其他信徒则被称为Jain或者Jaina。耆那教徒相信他们的宗教是永恒的，并认为它是由一些Jinas/Tirthankaras(征服者)分阶段揭示出来的。
在这段历史中最重要的人物就是24祖。
Parshvanatha :耆那教认为他们的传统并没有历史的奠基人。第一个有合理历史证据的耆那教人物是Parshvanatha (or Parshva),第23代Tirthankara。
Mahavira :那个时代的第24个也是最后一个Tirthankara是Vardhamana，他被称为Mahavira(“伟大的英雄”)，被认为是“正确”知识、信仰和实践的最后一位老师。他也被视为耆那教的创造者。
耆那教徒本着对生命的敬畏原则，以慈善事业闻名，包括为动物建造庇护所。耆那教鼓吹普遍的宽容，不寻求改变。在21世纪初，耆那教有大约500万信徒。

zlp

（游客路过，非作者的partner）Chandragupta embraced Jainism in his later years.Jainism advocates frugality and compassion for all things in the world.So the believers lived the life of ascetics.
我认为耆那教“五戒”中的“不贪财”与中国儒家思想的“重义忘利”有相似之处，正如孟子说：“富贵不能淫”。

陵也

This post was written by Xiong Rui（熊睿） in collaboration with Tang Ting（汤婷）.

YKK

It's amazing to learn about this and it's also very interesting!